一、信堅前言
戴維·玻姆 (David Bohm) (1917 – 1992) 跟信堅一樣，是位理論物理學家。他的博士論文指導教授是美國原子能之父， 羅伯特·奥本海默 (J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1904 – 1967)。曾任職於曼哈顿計劃 (研發及製造原子彈) ，普林斯頓大學，聖保羅大學，以色列理工學院，布里斯托爾大學，及倫敦大學伯貝克學院。

隱秩序(Implicate order) 和顯秩序(explicate order) 是玻姆首創的概念術語。隱秩序也稱卷秩序 (“enfolded” order)，是隱藏的無形無相、法界實相 (道可道，非常道)。顯秩序或稱展秩序 (“unfolded” order) 是有形世界所展示的宇宙森羅萬象，也包含了人們通常感知到的抽象概念。此即中庸所謂理及事: “其書始言一理，中散為萬事，末復合為一理。放之則彌六合，卷之則退藏於密”。

依據一乘佛法 ，宇宙森羅萬象是不可分割的整體 (萬物一體、道通為一)。任何分割、部份的解說與理論，其應用都是有限制性、局部性，都只有其適用範圍及界限。由於整體，言語道斷，心行處滅，不可以言說，不能以意會。因此古今科學理論，都是分解性的、局部性的。此即要了解整體，要先將它細分成不同的部份 (天文、物理、化學、數學、生物、邏輯 …)，加以了解，然後再將各部份組合成一體，來解說整體的運作規律、法則。這是正確的了知、解說諸法實相。這有如要向盲人描述大象，要跟他解說象鼻、身體、腳、尾巴、毛髮的形狀，以及如何整合成一隻大象。

但漸漸的，科學家忘了這種分解研討的本意，進入了其中的一門一學科，誤以為是全體，開始在局部裡面鑽牛角尖，原地打轉，進而想以一概全，這是近代科學家的研究、治學方法。有如盲人摸象、管中窺豹，井底觀天。

有如現代物理學家，研究物理一樣，將一切事物分成小小局部，再以理論實驗解說這局部。又再以這局部理論，試圖創建統一場論 (unified field theory)，完全忘了它只是整體的一小部份，忘了整體的存在。如此雖經億萬年，亦無結果，有如蒸沙煮飯，誠可悲憫者。

又如西醫的教導，是將人體分解成不同部位的運作，頭痛醫頭，腳痛醫腳。治標不治本。完全忽略了人體是整體運作，各部位都是息息相關，所謂牽一髮而動全身。黃帝內經裡的穴道、經脈、反射區等，都不在西醫教導之內。

西醫早就發現，人體的一個細胞裡面，都包含了整個人體的結構及成長的信息，每個組織、器官，也有全身的信息，但一直未以此為出發點，來發展醫理。中醫就不同了，要醫一個部位的症狀，須要多處著手，才有成效。這就是說，醫病有時候不能攻堅，要繞過馬奇諾防線，四面包圍，才能輕而易舉的治癒。

信堅有鑑於此，開始對現代物理學家的自以為是的作風及科學方法，產生懷疑。譬如宇宙萬物是由粒子 (particles) 所組成，因此近百年來，物理學家一直由理論與實驗，試圖找出基本粒子 (fundamental particles): 質子、中子、電子、夸克、謎粒子、希格粒子、….，很多人都拿了諾貝爾獎，真是天下一大笑話。這些理論，完全浪費人力、智力、財力。信堅有鑑於此，早在四十年前，就退出這舞場。只是沒有靈感、沒有足夠洞察力，提出新的論証。 (也可能是無法解說，不能以語言、文字、符號描述，唯証乃知。)

在1950年代，大衛.玻姆 (David Bohm) 在其書《整體性與隱秩序》(Wholeness and the Implicate Order) 中，很簡潔，而且強有力的闡說上述道理以及指出新的科學研討方向。但由於整體的複雜不可思議性，無法給於具體的理論，只能譬喻解說。這有如一個初生的嬰兒，須要慢慢養育，才能有一天成長成一個成熟的大人。

一行也不通的是凡夫俗子。只精通一門的是下士，是世智辯聰、是學者。能同時精通數門的是中士。上士、聖人，精通世間一切經書技藝、醫方雜論、圖書印璽，種種諸法。一門通，一切門通，一法通，一切法通。因此才能正確圓融解說，世間諸法。

二、導論
玻姆此書首先介紹及評論物理的三個劃時代觀念變遷: 機械秩序(Mechanic order)、相對論、量子理論。然後提出，下一個劃時代的變遷是整體動態運作 (holomovement) 及隱秩序與顯秩序間的互換、轉變。在這前提下，統一場論 (unified field theory) 才能成功的被描述。

2.1 機械秩序 (mechanistic order)。
The principal feature of this order is that the world is regarded as constituted of entities which are outside of each other, in the sense that they exist independently in different regions of space (and time) and interact through forces. The machine gives a typical illustration of such a system of order. Each part is formed (e.g., by stamping or casting) independently of the others, and interacts with the other parts only through some kind of external contact.
這個秩序的主要特徵是，這物理世界是由不同外在獨立的物體所構成，它們獨立存在於不同的空間和時間。彼此間通過作用力 (force) 而互相影響。有如一部機器是由不同零件所組成，其運作是由彼此間的互相接觸，所施的作用力所達成。

Physics has become almost totally committed to the notion that the order of the universe is basically mechanistic. 物理學家從古至今，都堅持宇宙的運作秩序，完全是機械式的。

The most common form of this notion is that the world is assumed to be constituted of a set of separately existent, indivisible and unchangeable ‘elementary particles’, which are the fundamental ‘building blocks’ of the entire universe. Originally, these were thought to be atoms, but atoms were eventually divided into electrons, protons and neutrons.
這個概念的最常見的形式是，世界假定一組單獨存在的，不可分割的，不可更改的“基本粒子”，這是整個宇宙的基本“積木”的來構成。最初，這些被認為是原子，但原子最終被分為電子，質子和中子。

These latter were thought to be the absolutely unchangeable and indivisible constituents of all matter, but then, these were in turn found to be subject to transformation into hundreds of different kinds of unstable particles, and now even smaller particles called ‘quarks’ and ‘partons’ have been postulated to explain these transformations. There appears to be an unshakable faith among physicists that either such particles, or some other kind yet to be discovered, will eventually make possible a complete and coherent explanation of everything.
這些後者被認為是所有物質的絕對不變的，不可分割的組成部分，但隨後，這些人又發現，受到轉化為數百種不同類型的不穩定的粒子，現在甚至更小的粒子稱為“夸克”和“部分子“已經假定來解釋這些變化。物理學家似乎有不可動搖的信念，最終一定可找到一種基本粒子，來完整的和連貫的解釋一切物理現象。

[信堅註: By contrast, in a living organism, for example, each part grows in the context of the whole, so that it does not exist independently.
相反的，有生命的生物體，各部分的成長與整個息息相關，所以，它不獨立存在。]

2.2 相對論 (The Theory of Relativity)
The theory of relativity was the first significant indication in physics of the need to question the mechanistic order. It implied that no coherent concept of an independently existent particle is possible.
相對論的理論是第一個顯著的指出，我們需要對機械物理質疑的証據。它意味著一個獨立存在的粒子不可能有連貫的概念。

Thus, a basic assumption underlying the generally accepted form of mechanism in physics has been shown to be untenable. To meet this fundamental challenge, Einstein proposed that the particle concept no longer be taken as primary, and that instead reality be regarded from the very beginning as constituted of fields, obeying laws that are consistent with the requirements of the theory of relativity. A key new idea of this ‘unified field theory’ of Einstein is that the field equations be non-linear.
因此，基本假設的普遍接受的物理機制的形式底層已被證明是站是不住腳的. 為了滿足這一基本挑戰，愛因斯坦提議粒子概念不再被視為主要的。現實應從一開始就被認為是由 “場” (field) 所構成，這場要遵守了與相對論的要求相一致的法則。愛因斯坦的這種 “統一場論” 的一個主要新觀念就是 “場方程是非線性的”。

These equations could have solutions in the form of localized pulses, consisting of a region of intense field that could move through space stably as a whole, and that could thus provide a model of the ‘particle’. Such pulses do not end abruptly but spread out to arbitrarily large distances with decreasing intensity. Thus the field structures associated with two pulses will merge and flow together in one unbroken whole. Moreover, when two pulses come close together, the original particle-like forms will be so radically altered that there is no longer even a resemblance to a structure consisting of two particles.
這些方程式可以具有”局部性的脈衝” (localized pulses) 的解答，可在空間穩定地的整體移動，類似 ‘粒子’ 的運動。這種脈衝的分佈不會突然結束，而是可隨著”場”強度的強度的減低，而擴展到無量大的距離。因此，與兩個脈衝相關領域的結構將合併，而成為一個完整的整體的流動。而且，當兩個脈衝接近在一起，原始粒子狀形式將會產生根本改變，不再能看到兩個粒子的結構。

So, the idea of a separately and independently existent particle is seen to be an abstraction furnishing a valid approximation only in a certain limited domain. Ultimately, the entire universe (with all its ‘particles’, including those constituting human beings, their laboratories, observing instruments, etc.) has to be understood as a single undivided whole, in which analysis into separately and independently existent parts has no fundamental status.
所以，分別獨立存在的顆粒的想法，在此被看成是一個抽象，只在一個特定的有限區域才成立的近似解說。最終，整個宇宙（與所有它的’粒子’，包括那些構成人類，他們的實驗室，觀測儀器等）必須被理解為單一不可分割的整體。將它分析成分別獨立存在的局部是沒有根本的意義。

Einstein was not able to obtain a generally coherent and satisfactory formulation of his unified field theory. Moreover the field concept, which is his basic starting point, still retains the essential features of a mechanistic order, for the fundamental entities, the fields, are conceived as existing outside of each other, at separate points of space and time, and are assumed to be connected with each other only through external relationships.
上面提及，愛因斯坦未能獲得他的統一場論的一個普遍一致的，滿意的公式。此外 他的 “場的概念” (field concept) ，仍然保留的一種機械的秩序為其主要特徵。各物體的場間的關連是外在的因素。

2.3 量子理論 (The Quantum Theory)
The quantum theory presents a much more serious challenge to this mechanistic order, going far beyond that provided by the theory of relativity. The key features of the quantum theory that challenge mechanism are:
量子理論展現了一個對機械秩序更嚴峻的挑戰，遠遠超出了相對論的理論提供。量子理論挑戰機械理論的主要特點是：

1 Movement is in general discontinuous, in the sense that action is constituted of indivisible quanta (implying also that an electron can go from one state to another, without passing through any states in between).
運動在一般情況下是不連續的。 經由不可分量子的操作（意味著一個電子，可以從一個狀態跳到另一個狀態，而不經過中間的狀）。

2 Entities, such as electrons, can show different properties (e.g., particle-like, wavelike, or something in between), depending on the environmental context within which they exist and are subject to observation. 實體，如電子，可以顯示不同的性質（例如，粒子狀，波狀，或介於兩者之間），這取決於在觀測環境背景。

3 Two entities, such as electrons, which initially combine to form a molecule and then separate, show a peculiar non-local relationship, which can best be described as a non-causal connection of elements that are far apart (as demonstrated in the experiment of Einstein, Podolsky and
Rosen).
兩個實體，如電子，起初結合形成的分子，然後分離，顯示出特有非局部性的的關係。這可以被描述為元件的遠距離非因果連接（這演現在愛因斯坦，波多爾斯基和羅森實驗）。

It should be added of course that the laws of quantum mechanics are statistical and do not determine individual future events uniquely and precisely. This is, of course, different from classical laws, which do in principle determine these events. Such indeterminism is, however, not a serious challenge to a mechanistic order, i.e., one in which the fundamental elements are
independently existent, lying outside each other, and connected only by external relationships.
當然，量子力學的定律是統計性的。它不獨特，精確地決定一個事件的未來發展。
這與古典定律 (classical laws) 的確定性完全不同。這非決定並未對機械秩序提出嚴重的挑戰。即個體的外在、獨立存在，只通過外部關係而互相作用。

The three key features of the quantum theory given do, however, clearly show the inadequacy of mechanistic notions. 量子理論的三個主要特點相當清楚地表明了機械概念的不足。

2.4 新理論的挑戰 (The Challenge of New Theory)
It is instructive at this point to contrast the key features of relativistic and quantum theories. As we have seen, relativity theory requires continuity, strict causality (or determinism) and
locality. On the other hand, quantum theory requires non-continuity, non-causality and non-locality. So the basic concepts of relativity and quantum theory directly contradict each other.
It is therefore hardly surprising that these two theories have never been unified in a consistent way. Rather, it seems most likely that such a unification is not actually possible. What is very probably needed instead is a qualitatively new theory, from which both relativity and quantum theory are to be derived as abstractions, approximations and limiting cases.
在此，我們先就相對論和量子理論的主要特徵作個對比。相對論需要連續性，嚴格的因果關係（或決定性），及局部性。另一方面，量子理論則要求的非連續性，非因果和非局部性。因此，相對論和量子論的基本概念直接相互矛盾。因此，毫不奇怪，這兩個理論都從未能統一成一個一致的理論，這樣的統一不是實際上可能的。在此，我們很可能需要一個性質上的、質量的的新理論。從中可抽象、近似和在極限情況導出相對論和量子理論。

The basic notions of this new theory evidently cannot be found by beginning with those features in which relativity and quantum theory stand in direct contradiction . The best place to begin is with what they have basically in common. This is undivided wholeness.
這個新的理論顯然的不能基於相對論和量子理論互相矛盾的特性。最好的出發點是他們基本上的共同點。此即是 “不可分割的整體”。

To begin with undivided wholeness means, however, that we must drop the mechanistic order.
But this order has been, for many centuries, basic to all thinking on physics.

The mechanistic order is most naturally and directly expressed through the Cartesian grid. Though physics has changed radically in many ways, the Cartesian grid (with minor modifications, such as the use of curvilinear coordinates) has remained the one key feature that has not changed.

2.5 新理論的概念 (The Concepts of the New Theory)
Evidently, it is not easy to change this, because our notions of order are pervasive, for not only do they involve our thinking but also our senses, our feelings, our intuitions, our physical movement, our relationships with other people and with society as a whole and, indeed, every phase of our lives. It is thus difficult to ‘step back’ from our old notions of order sufficiently to be able seriously to consider new notions of order.
首先我們必須放下的機械秩序的觀念。但是，這秩序許多世紀以來，一直是物理上的所有思維的基本觀念。機械秩序是最笛卡爾網格的直接表示。雖然物理學從根本上在許多方面有所改變，但笛卡爾網格作表達方式，仍然沒有改變。顯然，這是不容易改變這一點，因為我們的秩序概念是無處不在，他們不僅涉及到我們的思想，而且我們的感官，我們的感情，我們的直覺，我們的身體運動，我們與他人，與社會作為一個整體，以及我們生活中的每一個階段。因此，很難從這老觀念的秩序“退一步”認真考慮新的秩序概念。

To help make it easier to see what is meant by our proposal of new notions of order that are appropriate to undivided wholeness, it is therefore useful to start with examples that may
directly involve sense perception, as well as with models and analogies that illustrate such notions in an imaginative and intuitive way.
為了幫助更容易地看出，什麼是我們所將提出的新概念秩序，能適用於不可分割的整體性概念。我們在此先用個例子，可直接涉及感官知覺，以及模式和類比，來以富有想像力的和直覺的方式，說明這樣的觀念。

The photographic lens is an instrument that has given us a very direct kind of sense perception of the meaning of the mechanistic order, for by bringing about an approximate correspondence between points on the object and points on the photographic image, it very strongly calls attention to the separate elements into which the object can be analyzed. Thus, the mechanistic approach was greatly encouraged by the development of the photographic lens.
攝影鏡頭是通過在攝影對象上的點與點之間帶來一種近似對應關係給了我們一個非常直接的一種感官知覺的機械秩序的意義。因此，機械方法極大地鼓舞了攝影鏡頭的發展。

We then went on to consider a new instrument, called the hologram. This makes a photographic record of the interference pattern of light waves that have come off an object. The key new feature of this record is that each part contains information about the whole object (so that there is no point-to-point correspondence of object and recorded image). That is to say, the form and structure of the entire object may be said to be enfolded within each region of the photographic record. When one shines light on any region, this form and structure are then unfolded to give a recognizable image of the whole object once again.
然後我們去考慮一個新的工具，稱為全息圖。這照片記錄光波物體散射所造成的干涉圖案。此記錄的關鍵字的新特點是，每個部分包含關於整個物件的信息（沒有對象的和記錄的圖像之間的點對點的對應）。也就是說，整個物體的形狀與結構可以說是被捲含在照相記錄的每個區域內。當同樣的光波照射在此紀錄片的任何區域，就能再展現整個物體的形狀和結構。

We proposed that a new notion of order is involved here, which we called the implicate order (from a Latin root meaning ‘to enfold’ or ‘to fold inward’). In terms of the implicate order one may say that everything is enfolded into everything. This contrasts with the explicate order now dominant in physics in which things are unfolded (展現) in the sense that each thing lies only in its own particular region of space (and time) and outside the regions belonging to other things.
我們在此提出一個新的概念，稱之為隱秩序（從拉丁詞根的意思“來擁抱”或“以向內對折”）。隱秩序可以說是一切事物都被捲含入其它一切事物裡（一沙一世界）。與此相反，顯秩序是事物只展現在每個事物存在於空間（和時間）及其自身的特定區域。此區域之外，屬於其他事物。

The value of the hologram in this context is that it may help to bring this new notion of order to our attention in a sensibly perceptible way; but of course, the hologram is only an instrument whose function is to make a static record (or ‘snapshot’) of this order.
在這種情況下，全息圖的價值在於，它可以幫助我們把這個新的秩序概念給於一個合理可察覺方式; 但這全息圖是只作這一秩序的靜態記錄（或“快照”）。

The actual order itself which has thus been recorded is in the complex movement of electromagnetic fields, in the form of light waves. Such movement of light waves is present everywhere and in principle enfolds the entire universe of space (and time) in each region (as can be demonstrated in any such region by placing one’s eye or a telescope there, which will ‘unfold’ this content).
這記錄是顯示 實際秩序本身，經由電磁場的複雜的運動。這光波的運動是無處不在，捲含了整個宇宙時空。

This enfoldment and unfoldment takes place not only in the movement of the electromagnetic field but also in that of other fields, such as the electronic, protonic, sound waves, etc. We called this totality by the name holomovement.
此捲入和展出不僅發生在電磁場中的運動，而且在其他領域，例如電子，質子，聲波等我們將此整體的運作稱為全體運動 (holomovement）。

2.6 全息理論 (Hologrphic Universe)
全息論的核心思想是，宇宙是一個不可分割的、各部分之間緊密關聯的整體，任何一個部分都包含整體的信息。一面鏡子碎了以後，每一面小的鏡片仍然能夠被當成鏡子使用，每一塊鏡子的碎片也可以看成整面鏡子的全息縮影。我們身體裡面的每一個細胞都是整個身體的全息。人的受精卵和它發育成的各種細胞相比較，其DNA是相同的。人體的每一個細胞都包含了這個人全部的遺傳信息。

現實宇宙還有更深的層次是我們沒有覺察到的，那可能是一種超過我們宇宙空間的更複雜的 “超級宇宙”。從那個“超級宇宙”裡觀看我們的宇宙，一切事物都是相互關聯的，所有的基本粒子都不是分離的“獨立部分”，而是更大整體的一個小片段。舉例來說，你頭髮上的一個電子是連接到太陽表面的一個氫原子中的一個質子的，而它們又連接到所有北級熊的心臟、所有課本的紙張、以及天上所有星辰的基本粒子… …即使人類一直在努力分類處理宇宙中的種種現象，但事實上，一切的分類都是一種假象，宇宙萬物就像是一塊地毯上不同圖案一樣，是不可分的。萬物皆為一體。

我們不同的觀察方式決定了哪一種形態被展現，哪一種形態仍維持隱藏的狀態。全息包括空間和時間兩個方面。從空間方面來說，局部是整體的縮影；從時間方面來說，瞬間是永恆的縮影。我們感覺一切事物都在不斷向前發展的，全息理論卻告訴我們，這其實只是一種虛幻的感覺，在更深層次的超級世界裡，過去、現在和未來都是共同存在，是一體的。

全息理論說客觀物質是不存在的，我們是存在於信息的宇宙。宇宙是一個不可分割的、各部分之間緊密關聯的整體，任何一個部分都包含整體的信息。我們肉眼直接可見的三維物質世界的獨立個體，實際上是更高維整體的一個投映，我們由於不能理解更高維度的整體性而誤以為我們所看到的一個個人或物是獨立的個體。

全息理論正是《華嚴經》”於微塵中，悉見諸世界” 一句的極好印證。
一沙一世界，一花一天堂，一葉一菩提。一沙一世界，一花一天堂
To see a World in a Grain of Sand　　　 一粒沙裡有一個世界
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,　　　　一朵花里有一個天堂
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand　 把無窮無盡握於手掌
And Eternity in an hour.　　　　　　　 永恆寧非是剎那時光
——英國詩人威廉·布萊克（William Blake）(1757-1827)著。

另外，對於“全息宇宙”，除了全息照片，玻姆還用混沌理論（Chaos Theory)／分形幾何（Fractal Geometry）來做說明，例如Mandelbrot set, 其計算機圖形像是一個黑殼蟲，在無盡的更小比例的尺度上含藏著無盡的同樣的黑殼蟲，每一個黑殼蟲都複製了整體，含有整個非線性過程的所有信息。